Cat owners often observe their feline companions performing a curious behavior known as "kneading" or, humorously, "making biscuits". This unique action involves a cat pushing its paws in and out against a surface, resembling the motions of dough kneading. However, the question arises: why do cats engage in this seemingly odd behavior?
Ethologists and animal behaviorists continue to explore the reasons behind this action, yet its true purpose remains somewhat enigmatic. Susan Nelson, a veterinarian at Kansas State University, points out that many of the proposed explanations are still unproven hypotheses. She emphasizes that, unlike dogs, feline behavior research often struggles for funding, which hampers deeper investigation.
Kneading can be traced back to a natural instinct present in kittens, closely associated with nursing. Leticia Fanucchi, an animal behavior scientist at Oklahoma State University, elaborates: "This behavior isn’t something learned by the kittens. They knead to facilitate milk flow from their mother's teats, stimulating the release of oxytocin, a hormone that enhances bonding between the mother and her young."
Interestingly, many adult cats continue to knead long after they reach maturity. This retention of juvenile traits into adulthood is not unusual and is referred to as neoteny. This phenomenon can elucidate why domestic dogs sometimes exhibit behavior reminiscent of their less mature wild relatives.
The kneading behavior may reflect deeper connections to their early experiences and the comfort associated with certain textures or loved ones. Kristyn Vitale, a certified applied animal behaviorist from Unity College, suggests that some of these juvenile behaviors likely transitioned from their mother towards their human caregivers. "Cats typically knead their favorite people, which indicates that this action may serve as a social bonding gesture.”
Despite these implications, adult cats do not expect the same nurturing response that they received from their mothers when they knead. According to Vitale, when adult cats knead, it often signifies that they feel happy, secure, and social. Additionally, kneading can be observed in situations where cats are injured; experts suggest this may be a self-soothing behavior, although it's seen less commonly.
Kneading also has physical outcomes. Fanucchi states that this action helps stretch a cat's muscles and activates scent glands in their paws, effectively marking their territory, especially on their favorite humans or sleeping spots. Nelson adds: "Some cats may even drool while kneading, which demonstrates their happiness. "
In terms of interacting with your cat, Vitale encourages pet owners to be aware of their cat's kneading as an expression of affection. “Understanding and recognizing your cat’s behaviors can help convey that you feel the same way.”
It's worth noting that while kneading is often a sign of affection, individual personalities play a significant role in how cats express their feelings. Some may seek affection while kneading, others expect to have a conversation, and some may just focus on their task without engaging much.
Due to the positive associations and innate nature of kneading, experts advise that this behavior should not be discouraged, despite any discomfort caused by sharp claws. Instead, cat owners may consider keeping their cat's nails trimmed or placing a pillow between their hands and the kneading cat. As Nelson suggests, "Try not to stop your cat from kneading; they’re doing it to express love for you."
Lastly, while kneading indicates affection, if your cat doesn’t engage in this behavior frequently, there is no need for concern. Vitale reassures that "Just because your cat doesn’t knead you doesn’t mean there’s no bond. They might prefer to show affection through purring, rubbing, or simply sitting close to you, which all signify a strong connection with their owner."
