In a world where disease outbreaks can escalate rapidly, the establishment of emergency vaccine stockpiles has become a crucial strategy for global health security. Dr. Allyson Russell, Gavi’s Senior Programme Manager for Outbreaks and Global Health Security, emphasizes that these stockpiles ensure vaccines are available and ready for deployment when outbreaks strike. This proactive approach aims to minimize the impact of diseases, saving lives and preventing long-term consequences.
Emergency vaccine stockpiles are essentially reserves of vaccines that can be quickly distributed to countries in need during outbreaks. They consist of physical stockpiles stored in cold rooms, ready for immediate shipment. For instance, while the cholera vaccine is oral and easy to deliver, other vaccines may require specific delivery devices, which are also included in the stockpiles. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, currently funds four major stockpiles managed by the International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision, which include vaccines for yellow fever, meningitis, Ebola, and cholera.
The first stockpile was established in 1997 for meningitis, and the most recent one was set up for Ebola in 2021. Countries that typically receive support from Gavi can access these vaccines free of charge, along with funding for vaccination activities. For other countries, vaccines can be requested and are pre-financed by Gavi, with an obligation to repay.
The ICG, which comprises the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), plays a pivotal role in determining how many vaccines to stockpile and how to allocate them during emergencies. Requests for vaccines are assessed against clear criteria, including confirmed cases of disease or preemptive vaccination needs in high-risk areas, such as refugee camps. The ICG aims to reach a decision within 48 hours to facilitate rapid deployment.
Currently, the cholera stockpile is set at five million doses, a figure deemed sufficient to manage ongoing outbreaks. Remarkably, this number is replaced every month, ensuring a continuous supply. Efforts are also underway to increase production capacity for cholera vaccines, highlighting the importance of maintaining adequate stock levels. In addition, vaccines nearing their expiration can be repurposed for preventive vaccination in high-risk countries, thus maximizing their utility.
While emergency stockpiles are essential, the European Commission is also actively addressing public health challenges within the EU. With a concerning spike in measles cases—reported cases doubled in 2024 compared to 2023—the Commission is taking steps to bolster public trust in immunization. A spokesperson for the Commission stated, "The Commission is very concerned by the spike in reported measles cases in Europe." They are collaborating with national authorities and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) to respond effectively to these outbreaks.
The Commission recognizes that addressing 'sub-optimal' vaccination coverage is crucial in combating highly infectious diseases like measles. Misinformation and disinformation have contributed to declining vaccination rates, undermining public trust in health systems. To combat this, the Commission has developed a framework under the European Democracy Action Plan and the strengthened Code of Conduct on Disinformation, aiming to protect Europe from the harmful effects of false information.
In addition to monitoring disinformation, the Commission has launched public information campaigns, such as United in Protection, to promote the benefits of vaccination. This initiative encourages citizens to make informed vaccination decisions based on reliable, scientific information. The establishment of the European Vaccination Information Portal is another step towards ensuring that accurate information about vaccines is readily available.
Moreover, Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan highlights the potential of vaccination in preventing diseases like human papillomaviruses (HPV) and hepatitis B virus. The EU4Health Programme funds various projects aimed at overcoming obstacles to vaccination, including reducing physical and administrative barriers that hinder access to vaccines.
Health professionals play a critical role in these efforts. Doctors, nurses, and pharmacists are trusted sources of information who can address vaccine hesitancy and answer questions from patients. The Commission has set up a Coalition for Vaccination, which includes health professionals’ and students’ associations, to support communication efforts related to vaccination.
As the world grapples with the ongoing challenges posed by infectious diseases, the establishment of emergency vaccine stockpiles and the efforts of the European Commission highlight a multifaceted approach to public health. By ensuring rapid access to vaccines and fostering public trust in immunization, these initiatives aim to safeguard communities against the threat of outbreaks.
In conclusion, the proactive measures taken by Gavi and the European Commission illustrate the importance of preparedness and public confidence in vaccination as vital components of global health security. As the landscape of infectious diseases continues to evolve, maintaining robust vaccine stockpiles and addressing misinformation will be essential in protecting public health.