The Manifesto di Ventotene, a seminal document advocating for European unity, was crafted in 1941 by Altiero Spinelli, Ernesto Rossi, and Eugenio Colorni during their confinement on the small Italian island of Ventotene. This historic piece emerged as a powerful antidote against nationalism during a time marked by the upheaval of World War II. The manifesto is often formally referred to as "Per un'Europa libera e unita. Progetto d'un manifesto," and it outlines a vision for a united Europe free from the constraints of national borders and divisions.
At the heart of the manifesto lies a determined call for political unification—a radical idea during an era of fierce totalitarianism. The authors argued that enduring peace and social progress could only be achieved through a democratic federal Europe, which would rise from the ashes of nationalism that had sparked devastating conflicts. Spinelli and his colleagues criticized absolute national sovereignty, viewing it as a root cause of wars and societal deterioration.
The profound ideas expressed in the manifesto were disseminated with help from various supporters, notably women who transported the documents to larger urban centers where they could be shared among the opposition movements in Rome and Milan. The manifesto called for the abolishment of national borders, positing instead a federal European government endowed with supranational powers aimed at guaranteeing citizens' rights and safeguarding against the resurgence of totalitarian regimes.
In a recent celebration of the manifesto’s 80th anniversary on August 29, 2021, Italian President Sergio Mattarella spoke to a gathering of young federalist decision-makers, reaffirming the continuing relevance of its ideals in today’s world. He stated, "Every great change is preceded by periods of resistance, a preparation for better times." Mattarella emphasized the historical context in which the manifesto was created—under fascism, where dissenters were silenced to prevent them from cultivating revolutionary thoughts about freedom. His remarks highlighted that the call for vigilance in defense of democracy against hostility remains pressing, particularly in our modern age fraught with new global challenges.
During the same event, Mattarella noted how the manifesto served as a precursor for the integration of Europe, tying its historical significance to contemporary efforts for unification and asserting that the quest for European democracy is just as urgent now. He said, "The call to defend freedom and democracy is still relevant today, especially as we face challenges that threaten unity and coexistence.”
Roberto Benigni, celebrated Italian actor and director, commemorated the manifesto on his show, "Il Sogno," stating, "In 1941, Spinelli, Rossi, and Colorni had the idea of European unity... they are heroes of our history, the pioneers." He vividly described the environment surrounding the manifesto's origination, where individuals faced oppression and suppression under fascism. Benigni's poignant remarks reflected an ongoing awareness of the dangers of nationalism, which he characterized as fueled by fear—a sentiment he boldly portrayed on his platform.
Benigni warned, "Nationalism hates the world. Its engine is fear, and it wants us all to be afraid." He further asserted the need for vigilance to maintain peace in Europe, reminding viewers of the sometimes fragile nature of democracy and liberty in the face of rising tensions. He encouraged embracing the values of justice and social equity central to the manifesto, reinforcing that no one should be left behind.
This important dialogue surrounding the manifesto resonates far beyond its historical context. It acts as a guiding framework amid today's complex political landscape in Europe, where nationalistic sentiments are resurging in various forms. The lessons encapsulated in the manifesto continue to serve as a reminder of the necessity for a united front in the pursuit of democracy and peace. As we traverse the challenges of the present time, reflecting on the aspirations laid out in Ventotene remains crucial.
The legacy of the Manifesto di Ventotene is alive and vital, reflecting an enduring aspiration for an integrated and harmonious Europe. Its call for union, underpinned by core values of freedom and democracy, remains a beacon for current and future generations battling the forces of division.
