On November 18, during the G20 summit held in Brazil, British Prime Minister Keir Starmer and Chinese President Xi Jinping engaged in their first bilateral meeting since 2018, aiming to mend the frayed UK-China relations. Starmer underscored the necessity of fostering "consistent, durable, respectful" ties between the two countries, saying, "We want our relations to be consistent, durable, respectful, as we have agreed, and avoid surprises where possible." He emphasized the importance of the UK remaining "a predictable, consistent, sovereign actor committed to the rule of law." Starmer also proposed to hold comprehensive meetings with China’s officials to explore opportunities for investment and cooperation.
Starmer's administration, which took office following his party's electoral victory earlier this year, is seeking to navigate the complex waters of international relations, particularly with China, which has been one of the UK's major trading partners. The relationship is currently under strain due to allegations of human rights abuses, particularly concerning Hong Kong, and increased tensions surrounding Taiwan. The PM's agenda included discussing the pressing issues between the nations, such as sanctions against British lawmakers imposed by China for their criticisms of Beijing, as well as the unfortunate case of Jimmy Lai, the imprisoned pro-democracy activist.
Lai, who is also British, faces severe charges under Hong Kong’s national security law, and Starmer expressed concern about his deteriorated health during incarceration. He pointed out to Xi the UK’s position on human rights, saying, “We are concerned by reports of Jimmy Lai’s deterioration,” signaling the UK’s steadfast stance on advocating for the release of the media mogul.
Throughout the meeting, Xi stressed the breadth of potential cooperation between the two nations, stating there is “broad space” for collaboration on trade, clean technology, and investment, even as he acknowledged the challenges China faces with Western nations. He remarked, “China and Britain should uphold their strategic partnership and open up new prospects for China-UK relations.” Yet, this optimism is juxtaposed with the reality of their historical differences, particularly after the UK’s criticisms of how freedoms guaranteed under Hong Kong's mini-constitution have been eroded.
The backdrop of rising global tensions, especially with the United States—where President-elect Donald Trump is known for his hawkish approach toward China—further complicates these discussions. Starmer is caught between maintaining dialogue and cooperation with Beijing and addressing the concerns of Western allies about China’s activities within and beyond Asia. The stakes are high as Starmer aims to bolster the UK’s sluggish economy, which has struggled following the recent political upheavals and the aftermath of Brexit.
Starmer’s predecessor, Theresa May, attempted to establish close ties with China, aiming for what was referred to as the “golden era” of UK-China relations. Yet, successive governments have dealt with discontent stemming from China’s increasing authoritarianism and expansive foreign policy, alongside the UK’s stance on human rights and security matters. For Starmer, reestablishing these ties poses risks but also presents opportunities, particularly as the UK faces economic recovery challenges.
Beyond the economic discussions, human rights remain at the forefront of this diplomatic engagement. Starmer’s approach is distinct from the previous administration's, as he seeks to openly address contentious issues rather than avoiding them for the sake of maintaining good relations. This strategy signals a shift toward more supportive diplomacy from the UK, especially concerning its citizens impacted by Chinese policies. Starmer stated, "A strong UK-China relationship is important for both of our countries and for the broader international community.” This indicates his recognition of China’s global significance.
Starmer's engagement with Xi is not merely about cultivating trade but about ensuring the UK plays its part on the global stage. His meeting also followed closely on the heels of UK Foreign Secretary David Lammy's recent visit to Beijing, where discussions about human rights and economic cooperation were salient. Lammy's discussions with Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi also touched on concerns about sanctions and international law, showcasing the UK's proactive approach to bilateral relations.
According to translated remarks, Xi pointed out the “important task” both nations have in addressing global challenges, hinting at the necessity of cooperation beyond their immediate differences. Such remarks show Xi's awareness of the diplomatic tightrope both leaders must navigate. Both countries are facing pressures from their respective domestic and international spectators who are skeptical about engagement amid rising tensions.
Starmer also noted the importance of security cooperation, mentioning cybersecurity threats allegedly stemming from China and the broader geopolitical climate wherein China supports Russia amid its war against Ukraine. These discussions are significant, as they shape how the UK positions itself within the EU and its transatlantic relationships. The balance Starmer aims to strike is multifaceted—economic growth, human rights advocacy, and the strategic positioning of the UK as it seeks to redefine its global role post-Brexit.
Starmer’s suggestions for meetings led by his chancellor to engage with Chinese officials for investment negotiations reflect his broader aim of practical engagement. The plans aim to facilitate dialogue on various fronts, escaping the pattern of prior administrations where the focus often turned solely toward contentious topics without bridging new ground for collaboration.
The UK-China meeting occurs against the backdrop of multiple protests by pro-democracy advocates back home who are concerned about the deepening ties with China. The situation remains delicate; hence, moving forward from the G20, the UK may adopt policies toward China reflecting both ambition and caution.
Despite the cautious optimism espoused during the meeting, the realities of global power dynamics and domestic pressures make for complex interactions moving forward. Starmer's approach may signal new heights as well as depths in bilateral relations with China.
