The year 2025 is packed with remarkable astronomical events, enticing both seasoned astronomers and casual sky gazers alike across Brazil. According to the Observatório do Valongo at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, the 2025 Astronomical Events Calendar details numerous celestial spectacles, including supermoons, lunar eclipses, and meteor showers, many of which will be observable without any special equipment.
Daniel Mello, who leads the program, shared insights about the upcoming events. The excitement begins on January 15, 2025, when Mars will be particularly visible from Earth as it approaches our planet. "Normally Mars and Earth are moving around the Sun and do not always stay relatively close. This occurs on average every two years. The Earth moves closer to Mars, making it appear brighter and easier to spot," he explained. This event will make the Red Planet prominent against the backdrop of the night sky.
The week of January 12 to 18 is particularly noteworthy for Mars visibility, with climactic views on January 15 when it will shine brightly between the constellations of Gemini and Cancer. Observers eager to catch this sight can utilize star charts or astronomy apps for navigation.
Continuing the theme of stellar phenomena, the first half of 2025 also hosts several significant celestial events. For example, on March 14, sky enthusiasts can witness a total lunar eclipse, which will be visible throughout Brazil. This enchanting event, also referred to as the 'Blood Moon', occurs when the Earth casts its shadow over the Moon, creating stunning visual effects. Mello described the lunar eclipse, stating, "It's interesting because the moon will enter the Earth's shadow... it acquires a very beautiful reddish tone. It will be especially beautiful to see from our country."
To facilitate viewing, the National Observatory will host remote observation events via their YouTube channel. Dra. Josina Nascimento, from the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, emphasized the observatory's commitment to engaging the public: "We will broadcast and create national observation events for the Moon, which will be very good to attract people to astronomy."
The latter part of the year will also showcase impressive celestial displays. On August 12, 2025, there will be a conjunction of Venus and Jupiter, where these two luminous planets will appear close together before dawn. This conjunction marks one of the brightest events of the year, providing another opportunity for observers to connect with the sky.
The calendar will also encompass three supermoons, which occur when the full moon aligns with the point of its orbit closest to Earth. The supermoon on November 5 will be particularly captivating, as it will appear 14% larger and 30% brighter than the typical full moon. This phenomenon, referred to by astronomers as the 'Full Moon of Perigee', will allow for stunning views and the perfect chance for photography.
Throughout 2025, several meteor showers will grace the night sky, with peaks occurring at various times throughout the year. Notable meteor showers include the Quadrantids on January 3 and 4, the Perseids peaking on August 12, and the Geminids on December 14, with estimates of up to 150 meteors per hour for the Perseid peak. Astronomer Daniel Mello notes, "To observe the phenomena, seek darker skies, away from city lights."
Observation experts recommend locating oneself outside urban areas, preferably under dark skies to fully appreciate the brilliance of meteor showers. Weather conditions will also play a key role; as Dra. Nascimento advised, "The best times are the drier times of year, when the atmosphere is clearer. Not every time will be perfect, but it’s important to keep watching the sky."
Should weather conditions be unfavorable, there are still options to celebrate the night sky from home. The observatories will be broadcasting live streams of celestial events, ensuring everyone can partake, regardless of local conditions. Nascimento elaborated, "Follow the National Observatory's social media for future events. We'll continue to update with monthly guides on what's up next."
The 2025 Astronomical Events Calendar is more than just dates; it is an invitation to explore and appreciate the vastness of the universe. With combined efforts from local observatories and access to online resources, the year promises to be filled with opportunities for wonder and learning about our cosmic backyard.