The anniversary of February 23, known as 23-F, has once again stirred mixed sentiments across Spain, illuminating the stark divides between supporters of the historical narrative surrounding the failed coup of 1981 and those who staunchly oppose the attempts to glorify it. This year marks the 44th anniversary of the turbulent day when Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero led attempts to forcefully take over the Spanish Parliament, leaving the country on edge as citizens grapple with memories of dictatorship and the struggle for democracy.
The day unfolded with anticipation as many worried about reruns of history, particularly triggered by gatherings orchestrated by far-right groups such as the neo-Nazi faction 'Núcleo Nacional'. A gathering planned for the parking lot of Los Prados shopping center in Oviedo was minimally attended – resulting only three individuals showing up, which starkly contrasted the number of pedestrians enjoying casual strolls with their pets. Reports from El Comercio noted, "La Policía se encontró con más personas paseando con sus mascotas que manifestantes... el fracaso absoluto." This highlights the extreme lack of support for the organization, raising questions about the relevance and acceptance of such ideologies nearly half a century after the end of Franco’s rule.
Initially intended to be hosted at the restaurant Marieva Palace, the event was relocated after the venue pulled out upon realizing the nature behind the booking. The group later chose the shopping center, where they encountered more lunch-goers than supporters for their cause, indicating either apathy or rejection of their message. The local government had warned against any potential exaltation of Francoism and other extreme-right ideologies under Spain's Law of Historical Memory, which aims to confront and rectify the legacy of the Franco era.
Conversely, Tejero—now 92 years old and residing quietly away from the spotlight—is seeing renewed visibility thanks to right-wing groups seeking to continue to commemorate the events of 23-F favorably. Just before the anniversary, he appeared as one of the signatories on a manifesto published by 'Plataforma 2025', claiming Franco’s regime was integral to Spain's current state and positioning it as the "sword cleanest of Europe." This manifesto has drawn backlash, not only for its contents but for its blatant denial of the pain inflicted during Franco's rule. The continued endorsement of figures like Tejero is symptomatic of broader societal tensions surrounding Spain’s historical identity.
Meanwhile, polarization around these historical events is underscored by discussions of monarchy and military loyalty. The role of King Juan Carlos during the coup attempt remains pivotal; his famous televised address during the early hours of February 24 declared the necessity for democracy, effectively turning the tide against the coup. History revisited, we realize how fragile democracy was during those times—many military personnel had initially perceived Tejero's rebellion as justifiable. Historically, it highlights the discontent fueled by inflation, regional separatist movements, and deteriorated public trust toward the government.
Though some see the attempted coup as laughable based on the surreal nature of Tejero’s commanding demeanor and attire, the ramifications of 23-F are no joke. Experts and commentators often reflect on the notion, "Si no se hubiera sofocado el golpe, podría haber tenido funestas consecuencias y haber cambiado el curso mismo de nuestra Historia reciente," echoing the fragility of democracy and the importance of steadfast governance during crises. Within this framing, we witness the guards of Spanish democracy stand tall, even as challenges persist.
The echoes of 23-F highlight the continuous need for dialogue and reconciliation within Spain, presenting us with opportunities to learn and grow from the fractured past. Each year, the anniversary exacerbates urge for remembrance and responsibility, linking the current generation with their predecessors' struggles against encroaching authoritarianism. Let it not be forgotten, the memories of past attempts to sway the direction of this vibrant democracy must inform today’s discourse. Only through acknowledging these trials can Spain fully embrace its complex identity.
While confrontations surrounding 23-F remain deeply politicized, they invite reflection on the values of freedom and civic duty. It is imperative for citizens not only to commemorate the past but to actively engage with it to shape their present and future. The anniversary of 23-F serves as both a reminder of the darkness of Spain’s history and the enduring strength of its democratic resolve. With every commemoration, citizens are called to contribute to the narrative of democracy and to resist the allure of ideologies seeking to bring back remnants of oppressive regimes.