On May 1, 2025, Poland celebrates Święto Pracy, also known as Międzynarodowy Dzień Solidarności Ludzi Pracy (International Workers' Solidarity Day). This holiday, which has over a century of tradition, serves as a reminder of the rights of workers and their importance in the functioning of society. In the Catholic Church, May 1 also commemorates St. Joseph the Worker, the patron saint of workers.
The origins of Święto Pracy date back to the late 19th century, specifically to the events in Chicago when thousands of workers took to the streets demanding an eight-hour workday. This protest was violently suppressed by police, resulting in numerous deaths. To honor those who fought for workers' rights, the Second International established May 1 as International Workers' Day in 1889.
In Poland, the holiday has been celebrated since 1890, gaining official state status after World War II. During the era of the Polish People's Republic (PRL), it became one of the most significant days on the calendar, marked by parades, rallies, and celebrations. After 1989, the form of celebration evolved, though leftist groups still organize demonstrations and marches.
Today, May 1 is a day off in many countries, a time for rest and reflection on the value of work and workers' rights. It marks the beginning of a long weekend in Poland, giving many the opportunity to relax and spend time with family.
Historically, the significance of Święto Pracy lies in the struggle for basic workers' rights, such as the eight-hour workday. The events of 1886 in Chicago are crucial to understanding this holiday. Poor working conditions, low wages, and excessively long working hours led to mass protests by workers. The first strike for an eight-hour workday ended tragically with the Haymarket Riot, where police opened fire on demonstrators, leading to several deaths.
In 1884, American trade unions had declared May 1, 1886, as the date to introduce the eight-hour workday. On that day, labor strikes occurred throughout the United States, with approximately 40,000 workers striking in Chicago alone. The protests centered around the McCormick Harvester Co. plant, where workers faced violent opposition from strikebreakers and police.
As the protests escalated, the police began firing into the crowd, killing at least three people. This event led to the establishment of May 1 as International Workers' Day at the Marxist International Socialist Congress, commemorating the sacrifices made by workers in their fight for rights.
In Poland, the first celebration of Święto Pracy occurred in 1890, during a time when the country was under partition. The observance of this day often took place against the will of the occupying powers. During the Second Polish Republic, the Polish Socialist Party was the main organizer of the celebrations.
After World War II, the communist government officially recognized May 1 as a state holiday, turning it into a day off for workers. The PRL era saw grand celebrations, with mandatory parades that everyone was expected to attend. These parades were heavily ideologically driven, showcasing the achievements of the socialist state, with red flags dominating the scene.
Despite the official celebrations, independent labor movements, particularly after the establishment of NSZZ Solidarność in 1980, organized their own unofficial observances. After 1989, the character of Święto Pracy changed, becoming more pluralistic and inclusive of various social initiatives, picnics, and concerts.
Today, while many view May 1 as the start of a long weekend, it still serves as a day for reflection on the history of the struggle for workers' rights and the dignity of labor. Catholic communities also honor St. Joseph the Worker, recognizing his role as a symbol of hard work.
Various social and political organizations utilize May 1 to highlight current labor market issues, including trade union rights, job stability, and fair wages. This dual nature of the holiday—both celebratory and reflective—underscores its significance in contemporary society.
In summary, Święto Pracy is not just a day off; it is a powerful reminder of the ongoing struggle for workers' rights and the importance of solidarity among workers worldwide. As many Polish citizens enjoy the long weekend, they are also reminded of the sacrifices made by those who came before them in the fight for better working conditions.
