On March 3, 2025, the Orthodox Christian community observes the beginning of Great Lent, one of the most significant and strict fasting periods of the Christian calendar, which lasts for 48 days until April 19, culminating before the celebration of Easter on April 20. Great Lent is not just about dietary restrictions; it is also viewed as a time for deep prayer, reflection, and reconciliation with others, aimed at preparing the soul for the celebration of the Resurrection of Christ.
The essence of Great Lent lies not merely in abstaining from certain foods but also emphasizes the importance of prayer and repentance. Traditionally, it is marked by heightened spirituality, with many believers attending church services more frequently and consciously engaging in actions meant to cleanse the spirit and resolve past grievances. This practice stems from the intent of emulating Christ, who fasted for 40 days before embarking on his ministry, according to Christian teachings.
Starting with Clean Monday, believers are encouraged to mentally and spiritually prepare for fasting. The first week, often called the "Triumph of Orthodoxy," is seen as the most rigorous, with strict adherence to fasting rules. During this week, fasting from all food is recommended on the first day, followed by days focused on dry eating — consuming only raw fruits and vegetables, grains, and water.
For example, on March 3, Clean Monday, adherents are advised to refrain entirely from food and drink only water. The subsequent days of the first week (March 4-9) involve varying degrees of restriction. On Clean Tuesday, it's customary to read special prayers at the end of services, which are accompanied by prostrations, reinforcing humility and devotion.
Throughout the first week, believers engage primarily with raw foods—fruits, vegetables, and nuts—while abstaining from cooked meals. This heavy emphasis on raw food serves not only as dietary discipline but as preparation for the more lenient dietary allowances beginning the following weeks.
The dietary restrictions applicable during Great Lent are strict. Meat, including poultry and all by-products, is strictly forbidden. Dairy and its derivatives, eggs, and alcoholic beverages are also excluded, with only specific allowances for wine on certain feast days. The focus remains on plant-based foods: vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, and grains are encouraged, forming the foundation of the Lenten diet.
Here’s how the dietary calendar for the first week breaks down: March 3, full day of abstaining; March 4-7, only raw foods are acceptable; March 8-9, cooked plant-based dishes with vegetable oil may be introduced over the weekend.
Notably, for those who are pregnant, elderly, or have health issues, the church recognizes the need for leniency concerning dietary rules. Such individuals are encouraged to consult with clergy to determine what accommodations can be made to maintain health during the fasting period.
The second week continues following similar patterns, alternating between strict dry eating, then gradually incorporating cooked vegetables without oil. This gradual easing allows for more complex meals as adherents continue to engage spiritually.
Throughout this fasting period, the church emphasizes not just the food consumed or withheld but also the importance of fostering positive thoughts and behaviors. Believers are reminded to refrain from anger, resentments, and quarrels, focusing instead on cultivating kindness and compassion. The emphasis is placed on personal improvement and connection with God through acts of charity and community service.
The week leading up to Easter is referred to as Holy Week or Passion Week, where the fasting intensifies again. It commemorates the final days of Christ’s life, including the Last Supper and Crucifixion. Important practices during this time include attending evening services and partaking of the sacrament of confession.
On Great and Holy Saturday, believers prepare to break the fast after the long Lenten season, with Easter Sunday marking the Resurrection celebration. This joyous occasion culminates with festive meals often featuring traditional Easter dishes once deemed off-limits throughout the fast.
The observances and instructions during Great Lent encourage not simply dietary compliance but rather a comprehensive approach to personal spirituality. Whether through prayer, meditation, or seeking forgiveness, the overall goal is to renew one’s relationship with the divine, leading to transformation and celebration of faith.
Through the lens of this year’s Great Lent, Orthodox Christians are reminded of the benefits of fasting — both physical and meditative. By setting aside worldly indulgences and embracing hardship, practitioners can deepen their faith, strengthen their bonds within their community, and spiritually prepare themselves to celebrate the joyous occasion of Easter with renewed hearts.