With the global demand for cacao rising—driven by the booming chocolate industry anticipated to be worth approximately $133 billion by 2024—researchers are turning to innovative farming techniques to improve yields.
A recent study has evaluated six cacao clones, identifying physiological and structural changes when grown under full sun conditions, demonstrating high adaptability and the ability to produce remarkable yields. Cacao, scientifically known as Theobroma cacao L., traditionally thrives under shade, but evidence is mounting to suggest its potential to flourish with increased sunlight exposure.
Conducted at Fazenda Três Lagoas, located in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, the study analyzed clones such as CCN 51 and PS 1319 under full sun cultivation over one year. Researchers assessed various factors, including leaf gas exchange rates, leaf structure, and yield parameters.
The findings revealed significant variations among the clones, particularly with the clones PH 16 and PS 1319 exhibiting higher net photosynthetic rates. This indicates their effective acclimatization to full sun. The study pointed out, "Under high light intensity, the potential quantum yield of photosystem II indicated no photoinhibition, and adaptations in the photosynthetic apparatus were observed." This suggests resilience and efficiency, which could be pivotal for boosting cacao production.
Yield data showcased staggering potential, with some clones producing as much as 2,900 kg/ha annually compared to traditional shaded farming, which yields around 430 kg/ha. Of note, clone CCN 51 outperformed its counterparts and is being strongly recommended for cultivation due to its yield capabilities and adaptability under full sun.
The adaptation of cacao plants to their environmental conditions was underscored by their advanced gas exchange capabilities. For example, the study found a significant negative correlation between water vapor pressure deficit (VpdL) and dry bean yield, emphasizing the need for adequate water management.
"Yields ranged from 1,220 kg/ha (CCN 10) to 2,900 kg/ha (CCN 51)," the researchers detailed, highlighting the increased productivity rates achievable through optimized light exposure combined with proper irrigation and nutrient management.
Cacao has typically been grown under shade for its numerous ecological benefits, including carbon storage, but increasing yields without deforestation has become increasingly important as global cacao prices surge. Recent market trends indicate cocoa prices skyrocketing over $12,000 per metric ton as production struggles to meet demand. This has prompted growers to reconsider traditional practices and embrace full sun cultivation.
The study encourages sustainable agricultural practices, proposing full sun cultivation and traditional shade systems could coexist, ensuring agricultural ecosystems are preserved even as productivity rises.
Overall, the research emphasizes the promising future of cacao farming, with full sun cultivation presenting substantial benefits. By fostering these enhanced agricultural practices—including careful selection of cacao clones and refined management techniques—farmers could meet increasing market demands sustainably, ensuring the longevity of what is not just a cherished treat but also an economically significant crop.