Kīlauea volcano on Hawaii's Big Island began erupting early Monday morning, prompting officials to raise the alert level due to the impressive and potentially hazardous spectacle of lava cascading within the summit caldera. The eruption was first detected at approximately 2:20 AM on December 23, 2024, as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported significant volcanic activity within Halema’uma’u Crater, part of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
Initial observations indicated the creation of dramatic lava fountains, reaching heights of 260 to 300 feet. Eyewitnesses were treated to breathtaking views as lava flowed from fissures, covering roughly 650 acres by mid-afternoon and producing substantial emissions of volcanic gas. By about 3 PM, the eruption appeared to slow, and expert monitoring confirmed the fountaining subsided.
The US Geological Survey (USGS), closely tracking the situation, had initially increased the volcano alert level from Advisory to Warning as the eruption heightened. They later downgraded it to Watch and altered the aviation color code from Red to Orange, indicating diminishing hazards for air travel. The change reflected the stabilization of the eruption within the crater.
USGS scientists highlighted the dynamic nature of the volcanic activity. "The opening phases of eruptions are dynamic," noted officials from the observatory, as webcam imagery revealed the eruption's rapid evolution. This dramatic display attracted visitors and media attention, capturing nature's raw power.
Alongside the dazzling visuals, there are significant health risks associated with the eruption. The volcanic gases released, particularly sulfur dioxide, create respiratory concerns for those living downwind. Katie Mulliken, a scientist at USGS, explained, "Vog forms when volcanic gas interacts with the atmosphere and sunlight, resulting in hazardous air quality for residents. It’s important for potentially sensitive groups to limit their exposure." Those vulnerable, such as individuals with respiratory issues, young children, and pregnant women, have been urged to take extra precautions.
Predominantly, the winds are carrying these emissions southwest of the summit, impacting air quality across communities located downwind, including populated areas of the Big Island. By mid-afternoon, seismic tremors had decreased, and volcanic activity was mainly contained to the two-mile wide summit caldera.
Although lava flows and gas emissions remain confined to the closed areas of the national park, there are other factors to be mindful of. Volcanic glass particles and ash—commonly referred to as Pele’s hair—could pose hazards to those nearby. Visitors are cautioned against entering sensitive areas to avoid exposure to potentially irritating materials.
The last eruption of Kīlauea was recorded earlier this year, marking yet another chapter for one of the world’s most active volcanoes. The observatory continues to monitor Kīlauea's behavior closely and is prepared to adapt warnings and guidance based on any changes.
All activities are currently confined to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, which has been closed to the public since 2007 due to hazards associated with volcanic activity. Visitors interested in observing the eruption's developments are encouraged to do so via the park's official website and utilize resources for vog-related health safety recommendations.
Only the areas deemed safe for observation are monitored; precautions will be reassessed as the situation evolves. For health updates and air quality forecasts, the Hawaii Interagency Vog Information Dashboard serves as an excellent resource for residents and travelers alike.
With Kīlauea's history of explosive eruptions, such as those seen during the devastating events of 2018, the USGS and HVO remain vigilant. Their collaborative efforts aim to safeguard the public and mitigate health impacts.
Residents are reminded to stay informed, as the situation can change, and updated guidelines from officials can provide clarity as Kīlauea continues to exhibit its volatile nature.
