India is at the threshold of what many are calling its renewable energy revolution, marked by bold initiatives, significant targets, and transformative partnerships. Amid growing concerns about climate change and energy poverty, the country is making serious strides toward integrating renewable energy sources to secure a cleaner and more sustainable future.
At the forefront of this change is Rajasthan, a state recognized for its ambitious energy initiatives. During the 'Rising Rajasthan Summit' held recently, Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy, Shri Pralhad Joshi, lauded the state's pivotal role. He noted, "Rajasthan stands at the forefront of India’s renewable energy revolution," highlighting its progressive policies and investments aimed at achieving 125 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030. This goal aligns with India’s national target of reaching 500 GW of renewable capacity by the same year.
Rajasthan has already emerged as the national leader, boasting 30.31 GW of installed renewable power, with solar comprising 24.55 GW of this total. This remarkable achievement not only positions Rajasthan as India’s solar powerhouse but also reflects the state’s commitment to fostering investment and innovation in the energy sector. The Rajasthan Investment Promotion Scheme 2024, established to provide substantial incentives for renewable energy projects, showcases the state's proactive approach to attracting and nurturing new ventures.
The need for this shift toward renewable energy is underscored by recent discussions involving key stakeholders at the National Dialogue on Renewable Energy. Organized by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), this dialogue brought together experts from various fields, including energy policy and sustainability. Sunita Narain, the Director General of CSE, raised important questions about the nation’s readiness for this transition, emphasizing not only the urgency of clean energy but also the associated challenges. "Is India ready for this transition? Will it meet its 2030 target?" she asked.
Central to India’s ambitious renewable energy goals is electric power generation from non-fossil sources. The government aims to reduce emissions intensity by 45% relative to 2005 levels by 2030. Notably, the appetite for energy is projected to surge 2-2.5 times by 2047, making the transition imperative. To support this growing demand, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) anticipates needing 777 GW of total installed capacity, with 44% being sourced from renewable energy.
Solar energy is set to be the powerhouse of this clean energy future, with reports indicating it will deliver 23% of India's total power generation by 2030. Analysts predict the contribution of renewables will rise significantly, from 13% currently to around 32% within the next few years.
There exists, nonetheless, the persistent reality of coal's prevalence within India’s energy sector. Narain points out, "The coal question is not really about coal, but about what the country will do to increase the capacity and generation of clean energy.” This perspective reinforces the idea of displacing coal, rather than outright eliminating it, as clean energy sources ramp up production.
The current energy poverty is stark; India needs to double its energy capacity by 2030. While coal currently holds much of the installed generation capacity, the transition to renewable energy is underway. Despite this, researchers at CSE reveal significant barriers. For example, many renewable projects are yet to be commissioned, with statistics showing about 34.5 GW of signed projects still waiting for activation.
The urgency of investment is echoed by Pradip Kumar Das from the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), who indicated the necessity of around Rs 30-32 lakh crore (nearly USD 4 billion) over the next several years to propel this clean energy agenda. This requires easing capital risks and ensuring effective deployment of projects.
Innovative solutions are on the table: balancing technologies, which can flexibly respond to the variable nature of renewable energy, are gaining traction as another key performance indicator. Reports suggest integrating these technologies could save up to €65 trillion globally by 2050, significantly reducing the required renewable capacity and enhancing energy efficiency.
Anders Lindberg, President of Wärtsilä Energy, emphasized the importance of flexibility within India's energy plans, stating, "To achieve a clean energy future, our modelling shows flexibility is also necessary. Balancing power plants are not merely important; they are urgent supports for higher renewable energy levels.” The increasing reliance on renewable sources must be managed with the capability to switch energy generation rapidly to meet demand.
Meanwhile, changes are also being made at the policy level, as the Indian government has announced the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) aiming to bolster manufacturing and supply chain reliability for solar PV components. This move directs future solar energy projects to utilize locally sourced materials, thereby enhancing energy security and reducing environmental impact.
At the operational level, initiatives like the collaboration between the Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC) and the Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet (GEAPP) seek to drive Maharashtra's energy transition forward. Through innovative policies and regulations, the partnership aims to integrate renewable energy more effectively and equip Maharashtra with the tools needed for engagement and resilience.
These multifaceted approaches highlight not only the potential for significant transformation within India’s energy sector but the collaboration among various stakeholders: government bodies, private industries, and renewable energy advocates resembles the engine needed to drive this transition.
From Rajasthan’s ambitious policies to strategic partnerships across states and the urgent need for capital investment, India's path to renewable energy is becoming increasingly clear. Recognizing both the challenges and opportunities as it endeavors to reshape its energy economy will determine its success.
This is not just about energy; it encompasses health, livelihood, and the very essence of what constitutes sustainable development. By aligning these facets, India can pave the way for equitable growth and sustainable energy for generations to come.