India’s Economic Survey 2024-25, presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on January 31, 2025, highlights the country's determination to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. With this ambitious goal, the Indian government is focusing on innovative strategies and comprehensive implementation plans to address climate change, all whilst promoting sustainable development.
The survey outlines, "This long-term goal is entwined with the country’s aspirations for high and stable economic growth, which envisions becoming a developed nation by 2047." To attain this vision, India is balancing low-carbon development with significant imperatives such as job creation, energy security, and economic expansion.
Adaptation to climate change is at the forefront of India's strategy, with the Economic Survey noting, "Given the backdrop of decreasing global financial commitments to support climate action, India must increasingly prioritize building resilience." From FY16 to FY22, India's adaptation expenditures rose from 3.7% to 5.6% of GDP, underlining the growing recognition of climate resilience as integral to sustainable growth.
Investments are required for infrastructural improvements, particularly extensive grid infrastructure, which is deemed necessary for achieving net-zero emissions. Sitharaman stressed, "To achieve the goal of net zero emissions by 2070, India will need to prioritize investment in extensive grid infrastructure improvements." Securing the sourcing of for minerals pivotal to this transformative shift is also necessary.
The survey emphasizes India's progress as one of the world's lowest greenhouse-gas emitters per capita, yet highlights challenges, including those posed by renewable energy transitions like the need for efficient storage technologies and the availability of key materials.
Notably, the survey showcases the role of vertical gardens—also referred to as living walls or vertical greenery systems—as promising solutions to address urban heat and pollution. "By transforming urban facades, vertical gardens not only improve aesthetic appeal but also contribute to environmental sustainability," the document asserts.
With rapid urbanization, these innovations are expected to combat the urban heat island effect, improve air quality, and promote biodiversity within cities. The changing energy dynamics and the friction between energy transition and security are explored, acknowledging India's need for sustainable energy sources, including coal, nuclear energy, and advanced thermal power technologies.
India is not only focused on renewable energy capacity but is also inching closer to its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) targets. By November 30, 2024, installed electricity generation capacity from non-fossil fuel sources accounted for 46.8% of total capacity. This positions the country toward achieving its target of reaching 50% by 2030. Notable is the creation of additional carbon sinks, with 2.29 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent since 2005.
The Economic Survey also placed emphasis on the Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE) initiative, advocating for mindfulness and behavior shifts toward sustainable consumption practices. "LiFE aims to introduce environmentally friendly practices such as waste management, resource conservation, and recycling," it stated, aiming for broader public adherence.
Not only does this initiative address consumption but also promotes circular economic principles, with potential co-benefits including reduced pollution and enhanced well-being. Projections suggest significant savings for consumers globally, estimated at around $440 billion by 2030.
Comprehensive awareness campaigns are advocated as necessary for the LiFE initiative to take root and evolve beyond governmental efforts. The integration of sustainability principles within education systems is also emphasized as imperative for fostering environmental consciousness from childhood.
Through focusing on sustainable development, climate resilience, and energy security, India aims to transform itself by 2047, marking its centenary as an independent nation. The preparation and strategic focus defined within the Economic Survey signal significant commitment, as the nation marshals resources and initiatives aimed at achieving its dual ambitions of economic growth and environmental sustainability.