This study investigates the contamination levels of heavy metals in drinking water across several industrial zones in Gujranwala, Pakistan, highlighting significant public health risks.
Heavy metal contamination of drinking water, primarily driven by industrial activities, poses serious threats to human health and environmental safety. Gujranwala, known for its industrial prowess, faces significant challenges due to the mismanagement of wastewater and pollution from factories.
The assessment was conducted across five industrial areas, with extensive water sampling—totaling 100 samples—collected and analyzed for various physicochemical properties and heavy metals. The findings indicate alarming levels of several heavy metals, with cadmium, lead, and mercury found at concentrations exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) regulatory limits.
The researchers reported significant spatial heterogeneity across the zones, with Zone 2 exhibiting the highest mean levels of cadmium (0.331 mg/L) and lead (0.573 mg/L). Zone 4 was noted for elevated iron (1.88 mg/L) and mercury (0.259 mg/L) concentrations. This spatial variation is concerning and emphasizes the need for regional assessments of water quality.
Correlation analysis revealed strong associations among several heavy metals, particularly arsenic and mercury, which showed notable connectivity (0.701**). Such relationships could indicate common industrial sources contributing to the heightened concentrations observed.
Health risk assessments conducted by interviewing residents unveiled the serious health ramifications associated with exposure to these heavy metals. Approximately 86% of sampled water was deemed unsafe for human consumption, correlatively linked to reports of various health issues, including gastrointestinal problems, respiratory conditions, and dermatological disorders. Gastrointestinal ailments emerged as the most commonly reported issues, affecting 34% of respondents.
The study calls attention to the immediate need for remedial actions and stricter regulations concerning wastewater management and drinking water quality monitoring. Without these interventions, communities within Gujranwala risk significant long-term health consequences.
Overall, this research contributes to the growing body of evidence surrounding heavy metal pollution and serves as a prompt for policymakers to engage with urban industrial practices, ensuring safe drinking water for all residents.
