April 25 marks a significant date in Italian history, commemorating the Liberation from Fascism. Giordano Bruno Guerri, a prominent historian and author, emphasizes the importance of this day and its role in shaping Italy's political landscape. In a recent interview, he expressed concerns about how the celebration has been politicized over the years, particularly under right-wing governments.
Guerri noted that while April 25 should be a day of remembrance and peace, it often becomes a battleground for political rhetoric. He remarked, "It is a very important date in our history. However, it happens that we remember it incorrectly, using it as a tool for current politics. This has always been the case, but it becomes obsessive when there is a right-wing government. First with Berlusconi and now with Meloni." This sentiment reflects a broader concern about the manipulation of historical events for political gain.
In discussing the tone of the celebrations, Guerri critiqued the use of the term "sobriety" by Minister Musumeci, suggesting that it was an imprecise choice of words. He believes that the focus should be on creating a genuine celebration of peace rather than engaging in the usual political squabbles. "I think it should be a celebration of peace because that is what Italian politics and culture need," he stated.
When asked about the necessity for current political leaders to openly declare their anti-fascist stance, Guerri offered a nuanced perspective. He argued that Giorgia Meloni, the current Prime Minister, is indeed anti-fascist but resists being pressured into making public declarations. Guerri recounted an experience during a talk show where he was asked to state his anti-fascism. He responded, "I have no problem saying that I am anti-fascist, but I am much more than that; I am a libertarian." This highlights a tension in Italian politics, where personal beliefs and public expectations often clash.
Reflecting on Italy’s historical narrative, Guerri pointed out that prior to the Liberation, many Italians identified as fascists or Mussolini supporters. The swift shift to anti-fascism post-war raises questions about authenticity and the complexities of national identity. He suggested that this cultural amnesia complicates the transmission of historical values to younger generations. "The culture of our country has not processed being fascists for many decades," he explained. He recalled how in 1976, the publication of De Felice's book on the consensus to fascism and his own biography of Bottai stirred controversy, as they suggested there was a cultural aspect within fascism itself.
Guerri expressed hope for the future, stating, "I hope that in fifty years, the torment of having to define oneself as anti-fascist will end." He believes that the divisiveness surrounding April 25 stems from its historical context, where there were clear winners and losers. The celebration has often been appropriated by political factions, particularly the communists, who sought to claim ownership over the narrative of the Resistance.
He elaborated on the consequences of this appropriation, explaining how it has hindered the evolution of the right in Italy. Guerri noted that when Silvio Berlusconi normalized the right wing in the early 1990s, it was a significant shift that could have happened much earlier if not for the lingering tensions surrounding the Liberation narrative.
The historian lamented that the significance of Liberation is often lost on younger Italians. He remarked, "It is very difficult to transmit feelings related to a high and profound idea. This is true for every phenomenon. The concept of freedom, for example, has changed, and its best sense has been lost. Most people now interpret freedom as the ability to do whatever they want, which is a far cry from its true essence."
Guerri's concerns extend beyond Italy, as he pointed out alarming trends in the United States, where he perceives an attack on academic freedom under the Trump administration. He noted that the former president's alleged threats to universities about funding based on curriculum content represent a significant threat to the freedom that was fought for during the Liberation. "This is a freedom issue that resonates with the spirit of April 25," he asserted.
As the anniversary of the Armenian genocide approaches on April 24, 2025, Guerri's reflections on remembrance and peace take on additional significance. The juxtaposition of these historical events serves as a reminder of the ongoing struggles against oppression and the importance of maintaining a commitment to freedom and justice.
In conclusion, Guerri’s insights shine a light on the complexities of historical memory in Italy and the challenges of navigating political narratives. As Italy prepares to commemorate April 25, the call for a celebration of peace and reflection on the past remains more relevant than ever.
