On Friday, April 18, 2025, Christians around the globe observe Good Friday, a national holiday in Brazil that commemorates the crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ. This solemn day, marking the pinnacle of Holy Week, leads into Holy Saturday and culminates in Easter Sunday, which celebrates the resurrection of Jesus. Good Friday is not just a day of remembrance but also a time for reflection, penitence, and various religious practices that differ among Christian denominations.
During this period, many faithful engage in traditions such as fasting and abstaining from red meat, opting instead for fish and other lighter fare. The National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (CNBB) emphasizes that consuming fish is a form of practicing fasting and abstinence. Historically, the fish has a significant role in Christian tradition, symbolizing Jesus Christ himself, as the Greek word for fish, "ichthys," serves as an acronym for "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior." This historical connection reinforces the choice of fish on Good Friday, making it a meaningful alternative to meat.
The observance of Holy Week, including Good Friday, can be traced back to the 4th century, specifically the year 325, during the Council of Nicaea. It was then that the Church established the timing of Easter as the first Sunday after the first full moon following the spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere. To determine the date of Easter, 46 days are added to Ash Wednesday, the day that follows Carnival. Unlike Easter Sunday, which is not a national holiday in Brazil, Good Friday is officially recognized as a holiday across the country.
Good Friday is a time when millions participate in various religious activities, including masses, processions, and community events such as reenactments of the Passion of Christ. These observances are deeply rooted in Christian history and serve as a moment for the faithful to connect spiritually with the sacrifice of Jesus. The day is often characterized by simplicity and humility, reflecting the somber nature of the events being commemorated.
In Brazil, the significance of Good Friday is amplified by its status as a national holiday, allowing many to participate in religious activities or spend time in contemplation. The cultural and historical roots of the day influence local customs, particularly in historic cities like Ouro Preto in Minas Gerais and Paraty in Rio de Janeiro, where processions and reenactments attract both locals and tourists alike.
For many Christians, abstaining from red meat on Good Friday is not merely a dietary choice but a spiritual practice that symbolizes renunciation and reflection. This tradition is especially prevalent among Catholics, as well as some Protestant denominations. The practice of fasting and abstaining from meat on this day aligns with the broader themes of self-discipline and spiritual growth that are central to the observance of Lent.
As Good Friday approaches, many families in Brazil prepare for the day by planning meals that adhere to these traditions. Fish dishes, such as moqueca, bacalhau à brás, and torta capixaba, become popular choices, showcasing the rich culinary diversity of the country. In regions like the Northeast, fish is often served with accompaniments like pirão and vegetables, while in the Southeast, seafood takes center stage in more elaborate recipes.
The economic impact of Good Friday and the accompanying Holy Week is substantial. The holiday season boosts sectors such as tourism and gastronomy, with historic cities experiencing a surge in visitors. In 2024, fish consumption in Brazil rose by approximately 20% during this period, reflecting the cultural significance of the day. Markets and fairs, such as the Ver-o-Peso Market in Belém and the São Pedro Market in Niterói, become bustling hubs for fresh fish and seafood, as families prepare for their traditional Good Friday meals.
Good Friday also serves as a moment of community and solidarity. Many churches and organizations engage in charitable activities, collecting food and resources for those in need. This spirit of giving is particularly resonant during Lent, as many faithful choose to donate the money saved from forgoing meals to support local charities and community projects.
The liturgical observance of Good Friday is marked by a tone of mourning and reflection. Churches often remain bare, with simple altars to signify the somber nature of the day. The liturgy of the Passion, typically held in the afternoon, includes readings from the Gospels, the veneration of the cross, and communion, reinforcing the solemnity of the occasion.
While Good Friday is widely celebrated across Christian denominations, practices can vary significantly. For Catholics, the day is filled with specific liturgical rituals, including the Passion service and the Stations of the Cross. In contrast, many Protestant denominations focus more on reflective services and sermons about the crucifixion, often placing less emphasis on fasting or abstaining from meat. Orthodox Christians follow a different liturgical calendar, frequently celebrating Easter on different dates, with stricter fasting rules during Lent.
In 2025, the complete Holy Week schedule will follow the traditional liturgical calendar, with key dates including Palm Sunday on April 13, Holy Thursday on April 17, Good Friday on April 18, Holy Saturday on April 19, and Easter Sunday on April 20. These dates are not only important for religious observances but also influence public holidays and cultural events across Brazil.
The legacy of Good Friday extends beyond mere religious observance; it shapes the cultural identity of communities throughout Brazil. In cities like Recife, the reenactment of the Passion of Christ in the Casa Amarela neighborhood is one of the largest outdoor events in the country, drawing thousands of spectators. This blending of faith, art, and tourism highlights the multifaceted nature of Good Friday, which resonates deeply within Brazilian society.
As the day approaches, many people choose to forego festive activities out of respect for the solemnity associated with Good Friday. This practice, although less common among younger generations, remains an integral part of the observance in more traditional communities, especially in rural areas.
