NEW DELHI — Manmohan Singh, India’s first Sikh prime minister and a soft-spoken economist credited with transforming the nation’s economy and lifting millions out of poverty, died on Thursday at the age of 92. He had been undergoing treatment for age-related health issues.
Described as a "reluctant king," Mr. Singh served as India’s prime minister from 2004 to 2014, one of the rare leaders to complete two consecutive terms. His tenure was marked by unprecedented economic growth and a landmark nuclear agreement with the United States, achievements solidifying his legacy as one of modern India’s most successful leaders.
“India mourns the loss of one of its most distinguished leaders,” Prime Minister Narendra Modi said shortly after the news broke, acknowledging Mr. Singh’s contributions to the country’s progress.
Born in 1932 in the mud-house village of Gah, now part of Pakistan, Singh rose from humble beginnings, studying by candlelight before winning scholarships to Cambridge University and later earning his PhD from Oxford University with his thesis on exports and free trade.
His academic success paved the way for significant roles, culminating as Finance Minister from 1991 to 1996, during which he initiated sweeping economic reforms. His first budget speech declared, "No power on earth can stop an idea whose time has come,” heralding India’s emergence as a major economic power.
Singh’s unexpected ascent to the Prime Ministership came after Sonia Gandhi, the Italian-born leader of the Congress Party, declined the position, fearing political backlash to her foreign origins. Instead, she turned to Singh, whose technocratic credentials and integrity appealed to many voters.
Throughout his decade-long premiership, Singh oversaw rapid economic expansion, introducing welfare programs benefiting millions. His efforts were exemplified by the historic nuclear deal with the U.S. in 2008, which allowed India to trade in civilian nuclear energy for the first time in three decades and strengthened ties between New Delhi and Washington.
Despite his successes, Singh’s tenure faced challenges. His attempts to liberalize India’s economy were often thwarted by internal divisions within the Congress Party and complex coalition politics. Still, his reserved demeanor and unassuming leadership style contrasted sharply with India’s often combative political arena.
He remains celebrated not only for his economic acumen but also for the vision he held for India’s growth. “I have lost a mentor and guide,” said Rahul Gandhi, describing Singh's immense wisdom. Mallikarjun Kharge, leader of the opposition in parliament's upper house, added, “India has lost a visionary statesman, a leader of unimpeachable integrity, and an economist of unparalleled stature.”
President Droupadi Murmu wrote on social media, “Singh will always be remembered for his service to the nation, his unblemished political life and his utmost humility.”
Throughout his life, Singh was characterized as “Mr. Clean,” though his image faced challenges due to various corruption allegations surfacing during his tenure. His leadership style, marked by integrity and commitment to economic reforms, resonates amid the political controversies surrounding his time.
Singh's death brings to light not only the loss of a significant political figure but also the transformation he ushered for India. Critics acknowledge the slower economic growth during his second term, but many agree on the long-term impacts of his reforms.
Reflecting on his influence, Singh occasionally indicated he believed historians would judge him more kindly than contemporaries. He had become especially vocal about the deterioration of communal harmony and the importance of democracy, warning of risks to these ideals as India's political climate evolved.
India, as it mourns, remembers Manmohan Singh for his monumental contributions, from steering the country through economic crises to fostering international relations. His legacy will inspire future generations as they navigate the complex socio-economic and political landscapes of the nation he shaped.